Archive for November, 2025

Introduction Bismuth Antimony Telluride (Bi/Sb/Te) sputtering targets form the backbone of modern thermoelectric thin-film engineering. With outstanding electrical conductivity, low thermal conductivity, and tunable Seebeck behavior, Bi/Sb/Te alloys have enabled transformative progress in micro-cooling, energy harvesting, infrared detection, and next-generation semiconductor thermal management. The most widely adopted p-type formulation—Bi₀.₅Sb₁.₅Te₃—continues to lead the field due to […]

Introduction Niobium nitride (NbN) is one of the most influential transition-metal nitrides used in modern thin-film technology. Known for its high superconducting transition temperature (Tc ≈ 16 K), superior hardness, excellent chemical stability, and metallic conductivity, NbN plays a critical role in next-generation electronics, photonics, quantum devices, and protective coatings. As a sputtering target, NbN […]

Rhenium, a rare and highly valuable metal, plays an indispensable role in various high-tech industries, particularly those requiring materials with exceptional high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, and durability. Rhenium bars, in particular, have emerged as a critical component in applications ranging from aerospace to electronics, and their demand continues to grow due to their remarkable properties. […]

Introduction The continuous scaling of semiconductor devices has driven unprecedented advancements in materials engineering, thin-film technology, and interconnect design. As transistors become smaller, faster, and more densely packed, every layer within a semiconductor device must operate reliably under extreme electrical, thermal, and chemical conditions. One of the most critical yet often overlooked components in this […]

Introduction Vacuum furnaces and crystal growth systems represent some of the most demanding thermal environments in modern industry. They operate at temperatures reaching 2000 °C or higher, under high vacuum or controlled inert atmospheres, to enable processes such as sintering, annealing, brazing, and single-crystal production.In these environments, ordinary metals cannot survive—only refractory materials like tungsten […]